Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations

Question: Describe about the Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations? Answer: Terrorism in United Kingdom and France In this part, first will discuss scope of the terrorism law in the United Kingdom and France that examine the definition of anti-terrorism law , to begin analysis how those law affect the right of the nation .In the European Courts of Human Rights (ECHR) there is no definition of terrorism. However, the ECHR has not developed one in their jurisprudence, and it has accepted a widely recognized definition of international has proved elusive[1] . As per the United Kingdom Terrorism Act 2000, section 1 defines terrorism as indulging in any action or threat that is aimed at intimidating the government or public or a section of it. Further, terrorism under the Application of the ECHR in the Domestic Systems accessed 11 March 2016 includes actions that fall within sub-section 2 which includes five offences that cause damage to individual, property and public[2]. The definition is broad that might be dangerously of terrorism, which applies to action to advance any racial ,political and relig ious causes designed influence the international organization or government of any state or to intimidate any member of the public in any place of the world. The existing definition does not provide clarity with regards to the act of insurgents or insurgents engaged in non-international armed conflict. In R. v Gul case, an appeal was filed in the court of appeal, by an appellant for dismissing his appeal, in which he was convicted for engaging in activities, which violate the Terrorism Act 2000. He had apparently engaged in disseminating terrorist publications by circulating videos of attacks of coalition forces with commentary. However, his appeal was dismissed since the broader definition and scope of terrorism was underlined by the court. Terrorism is a globally recognised crime, which has affected all the countries in the world in the recent times. Moreover, every country has come up with a suitable law to fight terrorism. In France , the French Code Penal (Criminal Code) defines terrorism in France as a series of listed activities like international homicide, kidnapping, assault, hijacking, theft, property destruction, membership in alleged illegal groups and activities, digital crimes, forgery and more, all carried out with the primary motive of distributing public order through terror. Preparing to commit an activity concerning terrorism or obtaining and keeping materials used in criminal activities also is an act of terrorism under the French law[3]. Therefore, unlike the terrorism laws in United Kingdom, which is governed under a separate Act, the terrorism laws in France are governed under the Criminal laws enacted in France. The United Kingdom definition of terrorism is much broader and included many more acti vities than the definition of the terrorism in France. In the case law P. E V France [U.N. Doc. A/58/44, at 135 (CAT 2002)], a young woman who was 30 years old was detained during a custom check in Paris and sentenced for 30 months imprisonment as she was suspected to be involved in a criminal activity, which would lead to terrorism. Thus, in France, the criminal laws govern terrorism case and the penalty for the same is set under the French criminal laws. In France, the criminal penalty for an offence increases f the activity relates to terrorism. France also has a separate domestic intelligence agency set to fight terrorism in France[4]. Reference List Belkin, Paul.France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations. DIANE Publishing, 2012. Crelinsten, Ronald D., and Alex P. Schmid, eds.Western responses to terrorism. Routledge, 2012. Crenshaw, Martha, ed.Terrorism in context. Penn State Press, 2010. Kautsky, Karl.Terrorism and Communism: a contribution to the natural history of revolution. Routledge, 2012. [1]Crenshaw, Martha, ed.Terrorism in context. Penn State Press, 2010. [2]Crelinsten, Ronald D., and Alex P. Schmid, eds.Western responses to terrorism. Routledge, 2012. [3] Belkin, Paul.France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations. DIANE Publishing, 2012. [4] Kautsky, Karl.Terrorism and Communism: a contribution to the natural history of revolution. Routledge, 2012.