Beginning Level Curriculum for ESL Classes

Starting Level Curriculum for ESL Classes This educational plan synopsis is intended for bogus amateurs. Bogus tenderfoots are commonly students who have had a couple of years preparing sooner or later in time and are presently coming back to begin learning English again for an assortment of reasons, for example, for work, travel, or as a side interest. The greater part of these students know about English and can move before long to further developed language learning ideas. This educational plan synopsis is composed for a course of roughly 60 hours of guidance and takes understudies from the action word To be through present, past, and future structures, just as other fundamental structures, for example, the similar and standout structures, the utilization of a few and any, have, and so forth. This course is outfitted towards grown-up students who need English for work and, thusly, focuses on jargon and structures that are helpful for the working scene. Each gathering of eight exercises is trailed by an arranged audit exercise which permits understudies an opportunity to survey what they have realized. This schedule can be adjusted to fit understudies needs and is introduced as a premise on which to construct a rudimentary level ESL EFL English course. Listening Skills Starting English students frequently discover listening abilities the most testing. Its a smart thought to follow a portion of these tips when taking a shot at listening abilities: In the first place, attempt to utilize just one voice for listening perception exercises. An assortment of accents can be included later.Exercises should start with short structure seeing, for example, spelling, numbers, understanding word structure contrasts, etc. Gap fill practices function admirably for the following stage in listening cognizance. Start with sentence level comprehension and proceed onward to section length listening selections. Once understudies comprehend the rudiments, start chip away at understanding essence by furnishing longer discussions with an attention on understanding the primary thought. Instructing Grammar Encouraging punctuation is a major piece of successfully instructing tenderfoots. While full submersion is perfect, actually understudies hope to learn language structure. Repetition language learning is viable in this environment.â At this level, repetition exercises can assist students with seeing instinctively. Dont stress a lot over sentence structure explanations. To help center around sound as opposed to rules, dull exercises can help set up a solid base.Take it in little nibbles. Pare things down to their basics once you start to instruct. For instance, on the off chance that you were presenting the current straightforward dont start with a model that incorporates a verb modifier of recurrence, for example, He for the most part eats at work. For tenses, stress the significance of time articulations attached to tense. Ceaselessly ask understudies to initially recognize the time articulation or setting before settling on a choice on tense usage. Correct just those slip-ups made in a current goal. As such, if an understudy abuses in instead of at yet the attention is on the past basic, dont try remedying the mix-up in relational word use. Speaking Skills Urge understudies to commit errors, many, numerous mix-ups. Grown-up students are regularly worried about committing such a large number of errors and can be reluctant. Give a valiant effort to mitigate them of this fear!Focus on work for starting level exercises. Set an objective, for example, requesting food in a café. Assist understudies with figuring out how to practically prevail in each situation.Switch bunches up frequently. A few understudies will in general rule discussions. Stop this from the beginning, and switch bunch sythesis up right on time and often.â Composing Skills Follow the language: start with letters, make words, incorporate words with sentences and let those sentences bloom into paragraphs. Prohibit certain words when composing! Sadly, understudies frequently fall into the propensity for utilizing similar words again and again (go, drive, eat, work, come to class, and so on.) Brainstorm word records all together and afterward challenge understudies to just utilize certain words or phrasesâ in their writing.Use images to address. Get understudies used to the possibility that youll use images to assist them with editting their composition. The onus is on the understudies to address their own composition.

Cosmology: Science Vs Religion Essay -- essays research papers

In the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years, Christian conviction experienced huge restriction. Up to that point, the majority of the world shared the conviction of the â€Å"Medieval world view† that not exclusively was the earth situated at the focal point of the universe, yet that God was all knowing, all ground-breaking and all great. God was thought to have made and continued the wondrous operations of the universe. This conviction advised the individuals all they had to think about the importance and reason forever. At that point, logical revelation and techniques started to subvert strict convictions. Researchers started to uncover that normal laws and characteristic powers administered the world. Restricting convictions, for example the Marxism conviction, condemned Christian perspectives. Individuals like, Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton all assumed critical jobs in testing the perceived perspectives around then. Rather than the â€Å"medieval world view†, the â€Å"scientific universe† is generic, represented by characteristic laws and justifiable in physical and numerical terms. Numerous individuals trust the data science offers instead of religion since science is by all accounts progressively solid. Science has supplanted religion as the prevailing scholarly authority since science offers the opportunity to comprehend the universe, while religion just accept things. Many accept, as was said by Richard Dawkins, â€Å"the truth implies logical truth†. Alongside the coherent Positivists, they asserted the main important proclamations were logical. Tragically such...

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty

â€Å"Cappuccino and a croissant?† the server stated, and, at Elena's gesture, put them down on the table. Elena pushed her note pads aside to make room. Midterms were coming up, on everything else that was going on. Elena had a go at concentrating in her room yet was excessively diverted by seeing Bonnie's unfilled bed. She and Meredith were al wrong without Bonnie. She hadn't completed much here at the bistro, either, notwithstanding getting one of the prime huge outside tables that she could spread her books out on. She'd attempted, however her brain continued hovering back to Samantha's demise. Samantha was such a pleasant young lady, Elena thought. Elena recalled how her eyes lit up when she chuckled and the manner in which she skiped on the bal s of her feet as though she was blasting to move, run, move, too ful of vitality to sit stil . Meredith didn't make new companions that effectively, however the watchful coolness she regular y wore with outsiders had loose around Samantha. When Elena had left the quarters, Meredith was on the telephone with Alaric. Possibly he would comprehend what to state, how to comfort her. Unwil ing to break into their discussion, Elena left her a note showing where she would be if Meredith required her. Mixing her espresso, Elena admired see Meredith coming toward her. The tal er young lady plunked down opposite Elena and fixed her with her genuine dark eyes. â€Å"Alaric says Dalcrest is a problem area for paranormal activity,† she said. â€Å"Black enchantment, vampires, werewolves, the entire package.† Elena gestured and added more sugar to her cup. â€Å"Just as Professor Campbel hinted,† she said astute y. â€Å"I get the inclination he knows more than he's saying.† â€Å"You need to push him,† Meredith said firmly. â€Å"If he enjoyed your folks so much, he'l feel like he needs to tel you reality. We don't have the opportunity to waste.† She connected and severed a bit of Elena's croissant. â€Å"Can I have this? I haven't had anything to eat today, and I'm beginning to feel dizzy.† Taking a gander at the stressed lines all over, the dull shadows under her eyes, Elena felt a sharp wound of compassion. â€Å"Of course,† she stated, pushing the plate toward her. â€Å"I just cal ed Damon to come meet me.† She looked as Meredith annihilated the croissant, blending stil more sugar into her espresso. Elena felt needing solace. It wasn't some time before they saw Damon walking down the road toward them, his hair smooth and great, his al †dark garments easygoing y exquisite, shades on. Heads turned as he strolled by, and Elena particularly observed one young lady miss her balance and fal off the check. â€Å"That was fast,† Elena stated, as Damon pul ed out a seat and plunked down. â€Å"I'm fast,† Damon replied, â€Å"and you said it was important.† â€Å"It is,† Elena said. â€Å"Our companion Samantha is dead.† Damon twitched his head in affirmation. â€Å"I know. The police are al over grounds. As though they'l have the option to do anything.† â€Å"What do you mean?† asked Meredith, scowling at him. â€Å"Well, these killings don't actually fal under the police's organization, do they?† Damon connected and culled Elena's espresso mug from her hand. He took a taste, at that point made a smal moue of aversion. â€Å"Darling, this is excessively sweet.† Meredith's hands were bal ing into clench hands, and Elena thought she would do well to speed things up. â€Å"Damon, on the off chance that you know something about this, if you don't mind tel us.† Damon gave her back her cappuccino and flagged the server to bring him one of his own. â€Å"To tel you reality, dear, I don't think a lot about Samantha's passing, or that of Mutt's flat mate, whatever his name was. I was unable to draw near enough to the bodies to have any genuine data. Yet, I've discovered unequivocal proof that there are different vampires nearby. Messy ones.† His face bent into a similar appearance he'd made subsequent to tasting Elena's espresso. â€Å"Probably recently made, I'd presum e. No method at al .† â€Å"What sort of evidence?† Meredith inquired. Damon looked amazed. â€Å"Bodies obviously. Poorly discarded bodies. Shal ow graves, blazes, that sort of thing.† Elena grimaced. â€Å"So the individuals who have vanished were kil ed by vampires?† Damon swayed a finger at her teasingly. â€Å"I didn't state that. The bodies I inspected †and let me tel you, uncovering a shal ow grave was genuine y a first for me †were not similar ones that evaporated from grounds. I don't have the foggiest idea whether your missing understudies were kil ed by vampires or not, yet another person was. A few somebodies. I've been attempting to discover these vampires, however I haven't had any karma. Yet.† Meredith, who typical y would have hopped on Damon's remark about this being his first time uncovering a grave, looked attentive. â€Å"I saw Samantha's body,† she said reluctantly. â€Å"It didn't seem as though a run of the mill vampire assault to me. Also, from the manner in which Matt portrayed Christopher's body, I don't figure his did, either. They were† †she took a full breath †â€Å"mauled. Torn apart.† â€Å"It could be a pack of genuine y irate vampires, or chaotic ones,† Damon said. â€Å"Or werewolves may be horrendous like that. It's more their style.† The server showed up with his cappuccino, and he expressed gratitude toward her benevolently. She withdrew, becoming flushed. â€Å"There's another thing,† Elena said once the server was out of hearing extent. She looked inquiringly at Meredith, who gestured at her. â€Å"We're stressed over Bonnie and her new boyfriend.† Quickly, she sketched out the reasons they had for being dubious of Zander and Bonnie's response to their interests. Damon raised one eyebrow as he completed his beverage. â€Å"So you figure the little redbird's admirer may be dangerous?† He grinned. â€Å"I'l investigate it, princess. Don't worry.† Dropping a couple of dol ars on the table, he rose and walked over the road, vanishing into a forest of maples. A couple of moments later, an enormous dark crow with sparkling luminous quills transcended the trees, fluttering its wings amazing y. It gave a rowdy caw and took off. â€Å"That was shockingly useful of him,† Meredith said. Her face was stil worn out and drawn, however her voice was intrigued. Elena didn't need to admire realize that her companion was watching her theoretically. Eyes shyly descending, feeling her cheeks flush pink, she took another taste of her cappuccino. Damon was correct. It was excessively sweet.

Reaction paper to film, A Question of Color essays

Response paper to film, A Question of Color expositions The film, A Question of Color, showed me a great deal about the brain research behind segregation inside the African American race. The film helped me significantly more to remember the consistent segregation African Americans face, yet it annoyed me to realize that I also am a member in that separation. We are the results of a general public that regards African Americans as peasants. It appears as though the closer a people appearance is to the African picture, the more distant that individual is from the white thought of magnificence. I want to state with assurance that we as a whole have related a people character with the tone of their skin. In the event that not as an illuminated grown-up, at that point without a doubt we as a whole have done as such as youngsters. The film called attention to that our general public instructs us that white is correct; the closer an individual is to white, the happier that individual is seen to be. The film likewise made me progressively mindful of the impeding mental exercises that African Americans have found out about their incentive in this general public. The film noticed how some other non-Caucasian gatherings have tried to imitate the white thoughts regarding magnificence, yet it has not dissolved their feeling of worth as it has done African Americans. I thought the recording of Malcolm X in the film recounting the white keeps an eye on plot to hold African Americans somewhere near creation African Americans downgrade what their identity is, was viable in getting that point over. This was additionally clear, when an African American mother and her two children were having breakfast, and the more established sibling teasingly inquired as to whether he at any point wished he was fair looking, the more youthful sibling didn't need to state a word; his answer was all over his face and it was evident it made him awkward. In his young brain he definitely realized that his dar ker skin was less attractive. Socialization had just instructed him that individuals with lighter compositions are preferred somehow or another over those with darker appearances. ... <!

Claustrophobia Essays - Phobias, Emotions, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Claustrophobia Does Claustrophobia cause individuals to veer off from limited zones? The autonomous variable is claustrophobia, and the needy variable is the kept zones. Our speculation to this inquiry is yes claustrophobia can be restored and diminished by subjective conduct treatment. The issue of claustrophobia is significant because of its effect on a people regular daily existence, since it influences various people all through the world. A fear is a tension issue that is appeared by a silly dread of restricted spaces. This fear can make an individual remain away structure kept spaces, for example, a packed store, donning and get-togethers, just as lifts that could welcome on this unreasonable dread. In the public eye this can cause an individual not to partake in specific occasions. This fear can likewise lead to the impedance with riding on open transportation, for example, a plane, train, transport or metro. In this our discoveries will be clear by the exploration gave. Every one of these particular articulations beneath, will help reach a determination about claustrophobia: 1) Fear of Restriction and Suffocation 2) The Reduction of Claustrophobia(Part 1) 3) The Reduction of Claustrophobia (Part 2) 4) Virtual Reality Treatment of Claustrophobia 2 Fear of Restriction and Suffocation Claustrophobic dread is a blend of the dread of suffocation and the dread of imprisonment. The view on this subject is bolstered from the reactions from a survey done previously, during, and after a MRI (attractive reverberation imaging) filter was performed. Patients who effectively finished a MRI filter discovered they encountered dread of control not suffocation. These MRI checks were done in long limited barrel shaped chambers, which are dull and prohibitive too as boisterous. In spite of the fact that you are not in a fixed chamber, you can truly observe the promising end to present circumstances. Some different chambers that were utilized in other tests were encased, and prohibitive which drives the patient to accept that there is the chance of suffocation. This investigation was performed over a three-week time frame on an outpatient premise at two educating emergency clinics. There were seventy-eight individuals associated with this examination, twenty-three guys, mean normal 51.61 years (S.D.=20.0), just as fifty-five females, mean age 45.67 years (S.D.=15.3). They gathered research information on three distinct events utilizing the F.S.S. (dread review plan) and the D.A.S.S. (gloom, tension, and stress scale), multi week preceding the MRI filter, the day of the MRI sweep, and one month after the MRI check. The patients who rounded out a survey multi week earlier to the MRI examine responded to questions concerning the attributes of melancholy, nervousness, stress, control and suffocation. The patients who rounded out a poll following the MRI examine responded to questions concerning their experience, did they complete or not complete the MRI check, their eagerness to experience a further sweep, and the historical backdrop of past MRI examines. Claustrophobia 3 The patients who rounded out a poll one month after the MRI examine filled out a similar survey as the one before the MRI check. The consequences of this X-ray filter study demonstrated that patients who had neglected to finish their MRI examine encountered an expansion in the claustrophobic dread since they left during the X-ray examine while their feelings of dread were high, which strengthened these patients from getting away from a comparative circumstance later on. It has been discovered that patients who have these MRI outputs may create states of tension, for example, claustrophobia and fits of anxiety. The patients who complete the MRI examine effectively decreased their dread of bound places later on. It was too discovered that the patients presented to a bound circumstance without the chance of suffocation were just worried about the dread on constrainment, yet had no impact on the dread of suffocation. To get the best outcomes for the treatment of claustrophobia you have to address the dread of limitation just as the dread of suffocation in a subjective conduct program. Claustrophobia 4 The Decrease of Claustrophobia (Part1) Many individuals endure structure claustrophobia, regardless of whether they have alarm assaults in little bound rooms or in enormous groups. They experience the ill effects of this issue regularly. To attempt to forestall these frenzy assaults they attempt to maintain a strategic distance from little territories. Individuals shouldn't need to adjust their ways of life on account of something they have no influence over. So therapists put together an investigation to discover approaches to diminish the level of fits of anxiety, Claustrophobia was chosen as the objective in this clinical test since it is a typical dread with astounding angles. In claustrophobia it is generally simple to initiate

Bad News Letter Coursework - 275 Words

Bad News Letter (Coursework Sample) Content: Bad News LetterStudent NameInstitutionDateMichele SmithManagerAsbestos Task ForcePO Box 1234Canberra ACT 2600Mr Jacob McArthur23 Wright StCanberra 2601Dear Mr Jacob MacArthurRE: DEMOLITION OF HOUSES CONTAMINATED BY ASBESTOSAs the manager of the Asbestos Task Force, I have the mandate of informing you of the above demolition scheduled to happen in Canberra where your house is also involved. We are sorry for this occurrence but it is for your own safety and the safety of everyone else that this activity happens so that we can continue the fight against Asbestos contamination around the country.The Asbestos Task Force will be buying and demolishing 1,021 residential properties that are across many of Canberraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s established suburbs which have been contaminated by asbestos. Your home and the rest that will be demolished contain remnant fibres that have come from deadly loose-fill asbestos insulation that was pumped into the ceilings in the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s by the insulation company Mr Fluffy.Even after the federal government had paid for an operation of mass clean-up in the late 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s and the houses being declared safe to live in, some of the houses including yours have been found to still have dangerous levels of asbestos infection.Asbestos are minerals that contain microscopic fibres. These fibres are resistant to fire, heat and chemicals. The fibres also do not conduct electricity. When the tiny fibres are inhaled they become trapped in the lungs and stay there for a long time. Over time the fibres accumulate and may lead to serious health problems. The health problems include inflammatory lung condition also called Asbestosis, Mesothelioma, lung cancer and other lung conditions.Th...

The Top 20 Online Bachelors of Theology Degree Programs

A theology degree might seem like a specialization for people who are looking to build a stronger spiritual life, but it also offers unseen opportunities for those who are willing to think outside the box. While a profession in the cloth may seem the obvious choice for someone looking to study theology online, there are a variety of positions which call for this degree.​If you are looking to aid or perhaps even lead a charitable, religious organization, this may be an excellent program for you. Also, many instructors and world-class historians hold theological degrees since so much of the world’s history is wrapped up in or written by religious authorities. Some of the universities on this list also offer correspondence course—the first distance learning—and hybrid courses which allow you to take classes on campus or online. 20.Southeastern University Southeastern University regularly makes it onto lists for the best religious universities. A little less than half the students are online, and it has a diverse student body from different backgrounds. Its top-ranked degree is Theology. SU also offers numerous sports, but no fraternities. It has a student to teacher ratio of 19:1 with only about 63 percent of courses with 20 students or fewer—however, online courses are capped at a maximum of 25 students. It has a moderately selective acceptance rate of 44 percent. Its freshman retention rate is a bit low at 66 percent, but 42 percent of students graduate within six years and a 31 percent rate within four years. Theology is the top major at the University with 23 percent. Tuition is about $22,800, and room and board . However close to $9,100.19.Grand Canyon University Grand Canyon University is another school that specializes in training people to minister. GCU even offers four different specialties related to this field. They are the pastoral ministry, youth ministry, urban ministry, and Christian leadership. Moreover, a majority, 73 percent, of their students are distance learners. They have a challenging acceptance rate of about 55 percent. Their freshmen retention rate is a bit low at 59 percent, but their 6-year graduation rate is a low 31 percent while their 4-year graduation rate is a dismal 18 percent. They also have one of the highest students to teacher ratios on this list at 19:1. However, the tuition is a manageable $17,000 while room and board is just over $8,500. 18.Nazarene Bible College The Nazarene Bible college specializes in teaching students to minister and evangelize. However, it has a bit of a rocky reputation as it is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and the Commission on Accreditation of the Association for Biblical Higher Education rather than a regional accreditation system. They admit 100 percent of applicants. Even more impressive is that 87 percent of the students are distance learners. The student to teacher ratio is a decent 10:1. The freshman retention rate is 67 percent, however their graduation rates are dismal with 2 percent graduating in 4 years, only 17 percent graduating in 6 years, and still only 25 percent graduating in 8 years. Tuition is a low $11,00 though. 17.Moody Bible Institute The Moody Bible Institute, as the name suggests, specializes in religious and biblical studies. In fact, the only online programs offered are Biblical Studies and Ministry Leadership. MBI also offers either 8-week term of 16-week semester courses. It has received 14 different awards and has one of the best ranked Bible Studies programs on the list. Its freshman retention rate is a solid 78 percent. But one of the bigger numbers is its eye-popping 84 percent graduation rate—though whether this is in 4 or 6 years is unknown. While the student to teacher ratio is 17:1, the Institute states that the average class is 12 students with 20 being the cap. Tuition is an incredibly cheap $11,356 while room and board will run you about $9,600.16.Southwestern Assemblies of God University Southwestern Assemblies of God University offers some excellent prior learning options giving credit for dual courses, AP exams, and life experience. It has received 12 different awards and has a highly ranked Religious Education program. There is no Greek life, but SAGU does have an impressive music and drama culture. SAGU also has an incredibly impressive acceptance rate of just under 34 percent. The student to faculty ratio is 16:1, but the average class size is about 11 students. Their freshman retention rate is a tad low at 66 percent while their 6-year graduation rate is 36 percent and their 4-year graduation rate is only 19 percent. The tuition is manageable at just under $19,200 while room and board comes in at just under $7,000.15.Trevecca Nazarene University Trevecca Nazarene University was created specifically to serve the Church of the Nazarene’s higher education needs. An impressive 82 percent of TNU’s faculty hold their doctorate. It has earned 8 awards, though most of the students are on campus. Theology is its second largest program, but there is no Greek life. However, it does have a conventional arts program for both writing and music. This school is not challenging to get into with a 73 percent acceptance rate. The student to teacher ratio is a modest 18:1, but almost 68 percent of the courses are enrolled with 20 students or fewer. It has a decent 74 percent freshman retention rate with an impressive 51 percent graduating within six years and a just as impressive 39 percent within four years. Tuition is around $23,700 while room and board is $8,300.14.Bethesda University Bethesda University is somewhat limited in academic offerings but specializes in theological studies. Moreover, their mission is specifical to engage with Millennials and instill a Christian foundation of values in their lives. BU has won 8 awards, and a little over half of its students are distance learners.Bethesda is a subtle university with an astounding student to teacher ratio of 6:1. It has a moderately decent 67 percent acceptance rate with a high graduation rate of 69 percent in 6 years. It is one of the few schools on this list where male dominate the student body comprising 61 percent. Also, 100 percent of their faculty are full-time. Its tuition is also an incredibly low $9,120 and an equally low room and board of $5,800.13.St. Joseph’s College of Maine This university made it onto the list because it has placed a focus on online instruction. It gets excellent marks for alumni engagement following graduation. It also provides financial aid awards 100 percent of the time for first-time, full-time students. It has won 3 awards with half of its students being distance learners. Its acceptance rate is acceptable at just under 78 percent. It has a decent student to teacher ratio of 11:1. Its freshman retention rate is on par at 72 percent, and it has an excellent 6-year graduation rate of 56 percent with a 4-year graduation rate of 45 percent. It has one of the highest female student body ratios at 71 percent. Unfortunately, it is one of the pricier colleges on this list with tuition at almost $32,000 and room and board adding approximately another $12,000.12.Brescia University Brescia is an excellent university those explicitly looking to go into pastoral ministry. Brescia has won 8 awards, and 52 percent of their students are distance learners. There is no Greek life, but their music department is decent for choral and vocal programs. Brescia also offers some sports for both men and women. They have an impressive 13:1 student to teacher ratio which allows 89 percent of their courses to have 20 or fewer students enrolled in them and 0 percent of the courses with 50 or more. It can be moderately selective with a 49 percent acceptance rate. Brescia’s retention rate falters a bit with only 61 percent as do its graduation numbers of 26 percent in 6 years and a paltry 11 percent in 4 years. A close to a whopping 74 percent of the student body is female. The tuition is $19,000 while room and board is $9,500.11.Oklahoma Wesleyan University OKWU is nice in that its online courses are asynchronous which allows the students to set their own schedule rather than having to be online at any particular time. It has won 4 awards, but only 28 percent of its students are distance learners—so it may not be as integrated as some other options. Its arts options are limited, and there is no Greek life, but it does offer a solid number of sports. Also, theology is one of the top-3 majors at OWU, so the religious culture is strong. This school offers a nice student to teacher ratio of 15:1 with 74 percent of the courses enrolling 20 students or fewer. It is not an exceedingly difficult school to get into with an acceptance rate of almost 63 percent. Though it has a relatively low freshmen retention rate of 59 percent and only 39 percent graduate within 6 years with 27 percent in 4 years. Tuition is $24,100 with room and board at roughly $7,800. 10.Cornerstone University Cornerstone University has only recently become a full university in 1999. It has also been named one of the 50 most affordable colleges in the US by Christian Universities Online. CU has won 6 awards, but just under a quarter of the students are distance learners. However, theology is one of the top-5 most popular majors. There is no Greek life, but the arts department is adequate and numerous sports are offered. They have a low student to teacher ratio of 11:1 with almost 59 percent of classes enrolling 20 students or fewer. They have moderately acceptable acceptance rate of approximately 69 percent. The freshman retention rate of 74 percent is solid while 6-year graduation rates are 47 percent though 4 year rates are only 25 percent. Tuition is a bit steep at $26,000 while room and board is just over $8,500.9.Lee University Lee University offer a wide variety of religiously themed bachelors programs from Bible and Theology to Christian Studies to Ministry Leadership. It has won 18 awards and Pastoral Counseling and Specialized Ministries is its highest ranked major. It also boasts a rich arts program and even allows Greek life. Moreover, it has one of the most diverse sports programs on this list. The offers an acceptable student to teacher ratio of 17:1, but only 55 percent of the courses have 20 students or fewer. However, it has an almost embarrassing acceptance rate of 89 percent. Still, it has a decent freshman retention rate of 75 percent with 54 percent graduating in 6 years and 39 percent in 4 years. However, tuition is a very modest $15,000 with room and board a still reasonable at close to $7,000.8.Crown College Crown College does not necessarily check many of the quantifiable boxes on the list, but it regularly appears on lists of the best online theology programs. It is noted for an extensive student library that can be accessed online as well as off. It also offers and accelerated master’s program that only takes a single year. Biblical Studies is its highest rated program with 34 percent of the students majoring in it, and CC has won 4 awards. It has a well-rounded arts program but few sports and no Greek life. It has a fairly stringent 55 percent acceptance rate. The freshman retention rate is poor though at 50 percent, but it has an acceptable 6-year graduation rate of 51 percent and a 4-year graduation rate of 45 percent. The student to teacher ratio is also fairly high at 18:1. Tuition is just under $23,200 while room and board is almost $7,900.7.Apex School of Theology The Apex School of Theology is not a Historically Black College or University (HBCU), but it was founded on a premise of focusing on â€Å"African-American Culture.† It also offers a specialization for those who are looking to teach theology after graduation. It is unique in that theology is the only program offered, and it has won 4 awards. Exclusively a distance learning school, there are no sports, Greek life, and only a paper for arts programs. Unfortunately, it is not very exclusive and has a 100 percent admission rate. Moreover, only 7 percent graduate within 4 years, but they seem to have a dedicated student body as 93 percent graduate within 6 years and an improbable 100 percent graduate within 8 years. Its student to teacher ratio is relatively high at 17:1, but 100 percent of the teachers are full-time. AST is also the cheapest school on the list with a tuition of only $5,000.6.Indiana Wesleyan University Indiana Wesleyan University uses an asynchronous online schedule so students can work at their own pace. IWU also puts a cap on their online courses so students receive the attention they need. It is also the fastest growing university in Indiana in the last 2 years. IWU has won an impressive 34 awards and almost 60 percent of its students are distance learners. Theology is also its 4th most popular major. There is no Greek Life, but IWU has a rich artistic program with music, writing, and drama as well as a large sports culture as well. The have an adequate student to teacher ratio of 14:1 with 64 percent of their courses enrolled with 20 students or less. Unfortunately, if you sign your name you can probably get in with a 95.7 percent acceptance rate. However, freshman retention rate is 77 percent while 6-year graduation rates are a great 64 percent with 4 year rates at an equally impressive 52 percent. Tuition is just over $24,700 while room and board is just under $8,000.5.Regent University Regent has regularly makes it onto numerous lists from U.S. News and World Reports Best Colleges. RU has won 21 awards and 83 percent of its students are distance learners. Regent does no offer Greek life, but it has a moderate art scene—though little in literary offerings. Also, there are no real sports to mention—beyond intramural basketball for women. Roughly 60 percent of the classes have 20 students of fewer and none have more than 50. However, the administration seems to manage the student to teacher ratio well without being spectacular as it sits at 18:1. Regent is not an especially difficult school to get into with an acceptance rate of 80 percent. The freshman retention rate sits at 76.5 percent, though the 4-year graduation rate is only 29 percent. Also, 15 percent of the students study divinity or ministry making it the 3rd most popular major, so it has a relatively good-sized religious culture. Graduates leave with an average of $36,500 in debt from the $16, 600 per year tuition and $8,250 per year room and board.4.Saint Leo University Saint Leo University is a Catholic university and is known for educating U.S. military personnel. It is also the oldest Catholic higher educational institution in Florida. It has won an astounding 54 awards and 85 percent of its students are distance learners. There is a robust sports community and it even offers some fraternities and sororities. It has a decent student to teacher ratio of 15:1, but less than half of the courses, at 49 percent, have 20 students or fewer. It has a liberal acceptance rate of 72 percent. It freshman retention rate is an acceptable 69 percent while 42 percent graduate within 6 years but only 28 percent within 4 years. Tuition is $20,800 while room and board is just under $10,000. 3.Dallas Baptist University This entry should be no surprise to anyone who has done their research as it at various points among numerous lists. DBU has won 16 awards and its Religious Studies program is its highest rated and 4th most popular cementing a strong theological culture. About 20 percent of the students are involved in Greek life and it has a decent arts program. Though its sports are definitely geared toward women as men only have baseball and basketball. The school has a classroom of 20 students or fewer for 67 percent of the courses offered and only 2 percent of the courses have 50 students or more. However, the student to faculty ratio is a low 13:1. It can be moderately difficult to get into the school with a rejection rate of 46 percent. It retains 72 percent of its freshmen, 55 percent of whom graduate within 6 years—though only 38 percent graduate in 4 years. The student to teacher ratio may be explained somewhat with the $24,900 tuition and $7,300 room and board cost. 2.Liberty University Liberty University is steeped in religion as its founder is Jerry Falwell, the famed evangelical preacher. It was one of the earliest adopters of online education and has over 90,000 online students. LU has won 67 awards and 85 percent of its students are distance learners. Though it has no Greek life, there is a good-sized art program, and it is one of the few schools on this list to offer Football. However, online courses are capped at 25 students to prevent overcrowding. Still, the student to teacher ratio still sits at a reasonable 18:1. It is a fairly selective school only admitting 20 percent of applicants. Still, most of those do fill up as only 32 percent of the classes contain 20 of fewer students. Liberty retains 77 percent of its freshmen with 52 percent graduating within 6 years but only 29 percent graduating within 4 years. Oddly enough, only 8 percent of the students major in religious studies. Tuition is $22,00 while room and board is almost $8,800.1.King University King University is a Presbyterian University. It has been rated as one of the best regional universities in the south by U.S. News and World Report for over 22 years. It has won 12 awards and 47 percent of its students are distance learners. There is no Greek life, but a decent arts program exists as well as one of the largest sports programs out of the schools on this list. KU has a low student to teacher ratio of 11:1 with 81 percent of its courses with 20 students or less. It has a good acceptance rate of just under 58 percent. Its freshman retention rate is 72 percent with an excellent 55 percent graduation rate for 6 years and a good 39 percent 4-year graduation rate. KU is also one the only school on this list with a female dominant faculty of about 58 percent. Tuition is a bit pricey at just under $26,500 while room and board is just under $8,200. King University’s consistent record of success is part of the reason it is the most highly rated. Moreover, its excellent gr aduation rate despite a stringent acceptance policy is another mark of a solid education experience. It does not hurt that the classroom size and student to teacher ratio is also among the best. Related Articles The 10 Best Careers for the FutureThe Top 10 Online Bachelors in Criminal Justice Degree ProgramsThe 25 Best Master's in Social Work Degree Programs

Swot Matrix - 1428 Words

ATW393E Tutorial Exercise Group: F4 Chan Kean Sam (100235) Kong Feng Pei (100309) Wong Kit Wah (100437) Zhao Yu (103247) ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Exercise 5 * SWOT Matrix SWOT analysis, or SWOT Matrix model is a useful method to analyze the competitive level of a company. When we want to analyze an internal environment of an organizational, we have to identify its strength (what an organization best in) and weaknesses (what an organization weak in). While, to analyze the external environment of a company, we have to identify it opportunities (potential favorable conditions for an organization) and threats (potential†¦show more content†¦The directional vector represents the strategies to be pursued. (http://www.mba-tutorials.com/strategy/1151-strategic-position-and-action-evaluation-space-matrix.html) The following is the SPACE Matrix analysis for HP Corporation: INTERNAL STRATEGY POSITION | EXTERNAL STRATEGY POSITION | Competitive Advantage | Industry Strength | Customers preferences Product life cycle Market shares Product quality Technology innovation | -4-3-2-4-3 | ProductivityFinancial stabilityGrowth potentialProfit potentialResource availability | 65555 | Average | -3.2 | Average | 5.2 | Total X-axis score = 2.0 | | INTERNAL STRATEGY POSITION | EXTERNAL STRATEGY POSITION | | Financial Strength | Environmental Stability | Return on investmentFinancial operating LeverageLiquidity Cash flowWorking Capital | 55564 | Competitive pressure Inflation rate Demand elasticity Price range of competitorBarriers to entry | -3-5-5-3-2 | Average | 5.0 | Average | -3.6 | Total Y-axis score = 1.4 | From the table above, we get the total x axis score from average competitive advantage and industry strength as well as the total y axis score from average financial strength and environmental stability. Then, we drew these data into the graph as follow:Show MoreRelatedStrategic Alternatives Matrix : Swot Analysis898 Words   |  4 PagesThe TOWS strategic alternatives matrix utilizes those factors identified in the SWOT analysis in order to analyze the organization from a different perspective. There are four types of strategies associated with the TOWS analysis: ââ€"  The SO (Maxi-Maxi) Strategy: strategy that uses internal strengths to take advantage of external opportunities. ââ€"  The WO (Mini-Maxi) Strategy: strategy that uses external opportunities to minimize weaknesses. ââ€"  The ST (Maxi-Mini) Strategy: strategy that uses strengthsRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Matrix1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe TOWS matrix, below, utilizes the external opportunities and threats facing a company and matches them up to the internal strengths and weaknesses, to give the company four possible strategic alternatives (Hunger, Wheelen, 2011, p. 77). 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SWOT and PEST analysis In the previous objective, I analysed SWOT and PEST of Cadbury. These enabled me to gain insight intoRead MoreSwot Matrix for Compass Group Essay examples926 Words   |  4 PagesSWOT The SWOT analysis is used to evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats involved with a company. The purpose of the SWOT analysis is to make upper management more aware of factors that may or may not affect their business. Though a SWOT analysis can give a company ideas on how to make their company better it can also lead then down the wrong path if done wrong. A SWOT analysis is based on the perceptions and knowledge of other people so if their perception of the companyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Ansoff s Matrix For Mercure Hotel Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ansoff Product-Growth Matrix as a marketing tool is used to analyses alternative corporate growth strategies, concentrating on the hotel’s present and possible products and markets. 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However, Some findings from Menon (1999) and Hill and Westbrook (1997) have suggested that SWOT may harm performance

The Law Enforcement Profession Essay - 1712 Words

The Law Enforcement Profession Abstract In order to understand comptemporary law enforcemment, we should recognize the conditions that impact our profession. It is agreed upon by many scholars that major changes in law enforcement occur every five years. Policing is sometimes characterize... like a sandbar in a river, subject to being changed continuously by the currents in which it is immersed... (Swanson, Territo and Taylor, p. 2). However, in recent years some major changes have occurred in a shorter time period. Innovations in law enforcement During the past two decades, I have observed major changes in the viewpoint of society towards police officers as the symbol of trust and dignity, the technological advances of†¦show more content†¦The results of an investigation disclosed that the McDuffies death may have been caused by police instead of an accident. After being indicted and found not guilty by an all white jury, riots broke out in black neighborhoods, especially Liberty City resulting in arson and looting that left 18 persons dead and more than 300 injured. This catastrophe forced the Miami Police Department to reexamine and revise their use of force policies and procedures (CQ Researcher, p. 645). The Jeffrey L. Dahmer Case characterize a situation when the police fail to properly handle a call of a suspicous nature. Dahmer was charged with murdering at least 15 young males. On May 27, 1993, two Milwaukee citizens reported a naked young male in the middle of the street bleeding and unable to stand. The boy name was Konerak Sinthasomphone, a 14 year of laotain boy. Dahmer was able to persuade the officer that the boy was a live in lover. The boy was later slain by Dahmer in his apartment after the officers left the scene. A storm of portest came from the minority and homosexual communities accused the officers of displaying racial prejudice. The officers were also criticized for dismissing the incident as a boyfriend-boyfriend thing (CQ Researcher, p. 637). One of the most celebrated cases in recent times was the beating of a black motorist by several white police officers in Los Angeles. It stirred nationwide concern about police brutality. On March 3, 1991, Rodney GlenShow MoreRelatedTransactional Approach For Transactional Leadership1140 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipation and contribution. Employee turnover is one of the most difficult tasks for law enforcement to grasp and conquer (Bowman, Carlson, Colvin, Green, 2006). There must be something that drives individuals to excel and stay invested in their work. Bowman et. al, (2006) discussed individual motivators as ways to minimize employee turnover and improve job satisfaction. As leaders within law enforcement we must look into the equity theory of motivation, which simplified is an individual’s viewRead MoreLaw Enforcement Education And Training1703 Words   |  7 PagesLaw Enforcement Education and Training in the 21st Century and its Relation to Police Professionalization There is a great debate over the question of whether American law enforcement has achieved the status of a profession. In order to answer this question, there is a need to define what a profession is and identify the requisite attributes that qualifies an occupation to be identified as a profession. Criminal justice administrators have been actively pursuing professionalization for their chosenRead MoreImplementing The President s Task Force On 21st Century Policing Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesreleased the final report on May 18, 2015 (Final report of the resident’s task force on 21st century policing, 2015). 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The morally right choice may be the unfavorable one, while the unethical choice is advantageous. Des pite the

Introduction. I. Did You Know That The Longer You Expose

Introduction I. Did you know that the longer you expose your brain to your smart phone, tablet, or computer the more it begins to think like a brain that is addicted to heroin? II. Dr. Nicholas Kadaras, executive director of the Dunes East Hampton, one of the best rehabilitation centers in the United States and a former clinical professor at Stony Brook Medicine, has found that his patients who are addicted to technology show some of the same personality symptoms as drug addicts. III. Through research on the effects of technology on the human brain, I discovered some of the implications of our exposure to technology. As the aunt of three small children, ages six, three, and two, I noticed differences in their personalities that I hadn’t†¦show more content†¦1. Our brains are constantly developing and with technology developing almost just as rapidly, we should be cautious of the amount of time we spend tuned in to our devices. 2. Technology is the culprit of a new wave of mental disorders that are developed after birth. Dr. Larry D. Rosen is a professor emeritus and is a former chair of the Department of Psychology at California State University in Dominguez Hills, California and is also an internationally acclaimed expert on how technology affects the mind. Dr. Rosen lists that symptoms of an iDisorder are changes in the way our brains process information and our abilities to connect to our environment. C. Lastly, technology has a profound effect on our senses. 1. Dr. O.D. Sikes, professional optometrist and chairman of the North Carolina State Optometric Society Para-Optometric Education Committee, states that twenty-eight percent of people spend ten or more hours a day in front of a digital device and that this amount of exposure can lead to digital eye strain. 2. Technology’s connection to our brains has affected our reflexes. 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Socioeconomic Factors that Lure Individuals into Gangs

There are a variety of traditional socioeconomic factors that have an impact on an individuals choice to join a gang. These factors include a shifting labor market, poverty, disfunctional family, no or poor education, development of an underclass, and the enticement of what being a gang member offers the individual. The gang may offer the individual security, acceptance, and help just surviving. The basic needs an individual must fulfill was first addressed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1951. He proposed that a hierarchy of needs existed. This hierarchy of needs are five basic needs that have to be fulfilled. The first need is physiological. This is the basic survival needs such as shelter, food, and water. This need is usually met by the parents at birth and is maintained until the individual becomes an adult. Next comes the need for security and safety. This need is often found in a stable family environment. This environment provides the individual structure, freedom from fear s, and protection for the individual. The third need is to feel loved and like they belong. This is a basic need for all humans. When an individual does not feel as though they belong to a functional family or group, they will seek acceptance elsewhere, possibly in a gang. Next is the need for self esteem and confidence. An individual needs to feel confident, respected, and feel that they have a good reputation. Often individuals become members of a gang not only for theShow MoreRelatedWhy Juvenile Choose a Gang Lifestyle?1774 Words   |  8 PagesGangs have been in existence since the beginning of the Roman Empire. There were speeches made by Roman orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero, which references groups of men who constantly fought and disrupted Roman politics (Curry, 2013). The history of street gangs in the United States begins with their emergence on the East Coast around 1783, as the American Revolution ended. Though many believe the best available evidence suggests that th e more serious street gangs likely did not emerge until theRead MoreJuvenile Gangs2762 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Juvenile Gangs Introduction Juvenile street gangs are expanding, and evolving into crime that has not been linked to gangs in the past, according to the FBI. While they expand into white-collar type crimes like counterfeiting, identity theft and mortgage fraud, they also continue to be involved in illegal activities that they are more well known for, such as drug sales, recruiting new members, violent turf wars, and prostitution, the FBI reports. The number of active street gangs (including gangs inRead MoreWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 Pagesissues that cause inner city youth to join gangs and become delinquent? Discuss whether the New Labour Government’s policies have been effective in solving these issues? 2010 Project by: Alice Mutumba Student No: 05038460 CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary The perception that gang culture in relation to youth crime is growing in the UK is intensified by the media, it is very rare to read a daily paper these days without coming across some mention of gang related crime. In order to understandRead MoreThe Impact of Management Information System in Banking and Its Efficiency5000 Words   |  20 Pagesoccupation. Proponents of this view believe that prostitution is a manifestation of the violence of men against women. Accordingly, women do not rationally and freely enter prostitution but are led into this condition by social, political and economical factors. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 UnderstandingRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesfuture: the implications for marketing planning Approaches to environmental analysis and scanning Summary 5 Approaches to customer analysis 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Learning objectives Introduction Coming to terms with buyer behaviour Factors influencing consumer behaviour The buying decision process The rise of the new consumer and the implications for marketing planning Organizational buying behaviour The growth of relationship marketing Summary Appendix: The drivers of consumer changeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesEssential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 Summary 23 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON

Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations

Question: Describe about the Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations? Answer: Terrorism in United Kingdom and France In this part, first will discuss scope of the terrorism law in the United Kingdom and France that examine the definition of anti-terrorism law , to begin analysis how those law affect the right of the nation .In the European Courts of Human Rights (ECHR) there is no definition of terrorism. However, the ECHR has not developed one in their jurisprudence, and it has accepted a widely recognized definition of international has proved elusive[1] . As per the United Kingdom Terrorism Act 2000, section 1 defines terrorism as indulging in any action or threat that is aimed at intimidating the government or public or a section of it. Further, terrorism under the Application of the ECHR in the Domestic Systems accessed 11 March 2016 includes actions that fall within sub-section 2 which includes five offences that cause damage to individual, property and public[2]. The definition is broad that might be dangerously of terrorism, which applies to action to advance any racial ,political and relig ious causes designed influence the international organization or government of any state or to intimidate any member of the public in any place of the world. The existing definition does not provide clarity with regards to the act of insurgents or insurgents engaged in non-international armed conflict. In R. v Gul case, an appeal was filed in the court of appeal, by an appellant for dismissing his appeal, in which he was convicted for engaging in activities, which violate the Terrorism Act 2000. He had apparently engaged in disseminating terrorist publications by circulating videos of attacks of coalition forces with commentary. However, his appeal was dismissed since the broader definition and scope of terrorism was underlined by the court. Terrorism is a globally recognised crime, which has affected all the countries in the world in the recent times. Moreover, every country has come up with a suitable law to fight terrorism. In France , the French Code Penal (Criminal Code) defines terrorism in France as a series of listed activities like international homicide, kidnapping, assault, hijacking, theft, property destruction, membership in alleged illegal groups and activities, digital crimes, forgery and more, all carried out with the primary motive of distributing public order through terror. Preparing to commit an activity concerning terrorism or obtaining and keeping materials used in criminal activities also is an act of terrorism under the French law[3]. Therefore, unlike the terrorism laws in United Kingdom, which is governed under a separate Act, the terrorism laws in France are governed under the Criminal laws enacted in France. The United Kingdom definition of terrorism is much broader and included many more acti vities than the definition of the terrorism in France. In the case law P. E V France [U.N. Doc. A/58/44, at 135 (CAT 2002)], a young woman who was 30 years old was detained during a custom check in Paris and sentenced for 30 months imprisonment as she was suspected to be involved in a criminal activity, which would lead to terrorism. Thus, in France, the criminal laws govern terrorism case and the penalty for the same is set under the French criminal laws. In France, the criminal penalty for an offence increases f the activity relates to terrorism. France also has a separate domestic intelligence agency set to fight terrorism in France[4]. Reference List Belkin, Paul.France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations. DIANE Publishing, 2012. Crelinsten, Ronald D., and Alex P. Schmid, eds.Western responses to terrorism. Routledge, 2012. Crenshaw, Martha, ed.Terrorism in context. Penn State Press, 2010. Kautsky, Karl.Terrorism and Communism: a contribution to the natural history of revolution. Routledge, 2012. [1]Crenshaw, Martha, ed.Terrorism in context. Penn State Press, 2010. [2]Crelinsten, Ronald D., and Alex P. Schmid, eds.Western responses to terrorism. Routledge, 2012. [3] Belkin, Paul.France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy and Issues in US-French Relations. DIANE Publishing, 2012. [4] Kautsky, Karl.Terrorism and Communism: a contribution to the natural history of revolution. Routledge, 2012.

Culture Event Texas State Arts and Craft Fair Essay Example For Students

Culture Event: Texas State Arts and Craft Fair Essay This was the time when was there, in the ass, it was like what imagine Woodstock would be, There was music, dancing smoking tot marijuana, and drinking. The festival is a gathering of many different cultures and still today they are gathering for the festival, and they are more family oriented now. By the sass attendance had grown to 25,000, The program included an eighteen-day schedule of eleven six-hour evening concerts, New Folk Concerts with forty writers, Folk Mass celebrations, six two-hour childrens concerts, and a four-day Festival of the Eagle honoring American Indians at a newly constructed and then expanded Treadmill Memorial Theater in the campgrounds (Rod Kennedy, 2013) (Para S). The humanities are distinguished from other modes of human inquiry and expression through academic disciplines. The academic disciplines research the human condition by way of methods that are mainly investigative, decisive, or hypothetical these ways are distinct from the use an experimental method, indicating confirmation or results that occur are capable Of being detected by the senses. The Servile Folk Festival can be compared to IP-hop/rap music. Both changed the culture of many people. Hip-hop music is somewhat Of a new class, and it dates back to 30 years ago. African music and oral traditions were brought by West African slaves to North and South America; where they developed into their own musical styles often starting with church music, but becoming popular over time in wider circles (Chris Curtis, 2011) (Para, 1). It is nice to see how culture changes throughout the different times.

To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced Essay Example

To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced Essay To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced in neutralisation reactions. The Aim of this investigation is to see how the dependant variable, the heat realised as a result of neutralisation reaction changes as one independent variable is changed, and to find why these changes occur. Only one variable will be changed. This is because if more than one is changed as well, we will not know which factor is responsible for the change. The variables are specified below, along with the one that I have decided to vary.VariablesThe following variables can be controlled during the experiment and will be the ones we can change in the investigation. The one that I have chosen is listed below. These variables are called independent variables, and will allow us to assess and investigate the effect on the heat released by neutralisation reactions.1. The concentration of the acid or the alkali in the reaction could be decided to be varied (I have used the term alkali rather than base, because the substance will already be dissolved in water which is the definition of an alkali). To carry this out, one would have to obtain acids or bases or both of varied concentration, by obtaining a fairly strong concentration, and then diluting it down to get varied concentrations.This procedure would be time consuming, and there would certainly be room for much error, as the concentration may not be measured out correctly, leading to inaccuracy. A general trend that would probably be seen is that, as the concentration goes up, so does the heat released by neutralisation. This is because there are more ions in a solution of a higher concentration. I have listed this variable as one, but it is really two different variables: one can either vary the concentration of the acid or that of the base.2.The effect caused by the volume of the reactants could also be investigated. To do this, one would merely have to repeat the procedure, but using different volumes of the reactants each time. This procedure would be simple and safe, but if the experiment is wished to be very accurate, you would have to use a pipette, which proves to be time consuming. A pattern that would be visible when the different volumes of acid and alkali are mixed is that, as the volume rises, the heat of neutralisation too would go up, because there are again more ions in the volume to be neutralised. The conditions for this theory are as follows: the different volumes must be of the same concentration, if they are not of the same concentration the results would not show the correct pattern as two variables would be being altered.3. If desired, it is also possible to vary the strength of the acid and/or base. By this, it is meant that a weak acid could be used, like Ethanoic acid, with a weak, and then strong alkali; the results could be compared to that which occurs when a strong acid is used with either alkali. The limitations of varying this factor are as follows: there is only one link between a strong and a weak acid, which is merely a scale called the pH scale. If this factor were investigated, we would obviously find that the combination of a strong acid and alkali would reproduce the highest energy rise. This is because the strong acids and alkalis dissociate to a higher degree, they split up completely into their composite ions. In weak acids, the degree of ionisation is less, and as a result of this, the number of ions in the solution is less, which prevents complete neutralisation.4. The type of acid or alkali could also be used as a variable. This process would be investigated by using different acids and alkalis, whether they are strong or weak. The results of each acid and alkali (strong and weak) would be compared. This variable could be put under the same category of varying the strength of the acid. This is because as different types of acids and alkalis are being used, the strength of those acids and alkalis would also be being varied in the pr ocess. The other factors of whether the acid is Monoprotic, Diprotic or Triprotic all come under this heading. Acids, which form one H+ ion from each acid molecule, are called Monoprotic. Acids which form two are called Diprotic. Acids, which form three, are called Triprotic.5. The last variable that could be used in the investigation is altering pressure of the acid and alkali. To do this, you would have to have an expensive, impractical piece of apparatus that would allow the pressure to be varied. The practical would be very difficult to perform and would be impractical. If you decided to use this procedure, you must also take safety precautions, because there is potential for the pressure container to either implode or explode. I believe that if the pressure were raised, there would not be much of a difference to the heat of neutralisation, unless it was raised fairly high which again is a limitation to this procedure. Another problem is that the equipment needed for this variab le is not easy to obtain, and therefore couldnt be used.Introduction:Neutralisation reactionsAcids and alkalis are defined as:An Acid:A substance that dissolves in water, producing H+ ions as the onlypositive ions.An acid is a substance, which contains hydrogen, which may be replaced by a metal to form a salt.Properties:They change moist litmus paper from blue to red.They are soluble in water.They are electrolytes.They also have a sour or sharp taste.Cautions:Some acids are poisonousMany acids are corrosive and thus dangerous. They burn flesh.Acids as proton donors:Acids produce hydrogen ions as the only positive ion. For example when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water the following process occurs.HCL(aq) H+ (aq) + CL- (aq)The hydrogen ion is sometimes called a proton. In water, the proton is combined with water as a result of the following process:HCL(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + CL (aq)H30+ is known as a hydroxonium ion.Hydrochloric acid has donated its protons to the water:H+ (aq ) + H2O (l) H30+ (aq)All acids are proton donors.Strong acids are fully ionized in water and are strong electrolytes. A strong acid produces a high concentration of H+ ions in a water solution. E.g. Hydrochloric acid. (HCl). Examples: sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. For instance, nitric acid:HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)Weak acids are partially ionized in water and are weak electrolytes. Examples: Ethanoic acid. A weak acid: Produces a low concentration of H+ ions in a water solution. E.g. Ethanoic acid. (CH3CO2H)Common strong acids include:Hydrochloric acid (HCl)Nitric acid (HNO3)Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)Common weak acids include:Citric acid (H3C6H5O7)Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) (vinegar)Alkalis and BasesA soluble base is something which produces OH- ions in water.A Base is a substance, which will react with an acid to form a salt.A base is a proton acceptor.An alkali is a base, which is soluble in water.Properties:They change litmus paper from red to blue .They are electrolytes.In addition many alkalis have a soapy feel.All bases and alkalis, except ammonia, are metal oxides or metal hydroxides.CAUTION: Many alkalis may be corrosive and poisonous. Example: sodium hydroxide is often called caustic soda. Caustic means burning.A strong alkali:Produces a high concentration of OH- ions in a water solution. Eg. Sodium hydroxide. (NaOH)Strong alkalis are fully ionized in water and are strong electrolytes.Weak alkali:Weak alkalis are only partially ionized in water and are weak electrolytes. A weak alkali produces a low concentration of OH- ions in a water solution. E.g. Ammonia solution. (NH4OH)Bases as proton acceptors- when a base reacts with an acid to form a salt, it accepts. Example: magnesium oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphateMgO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H20 (l)During this reaction the oxide ion, O2-, of the base accepts 2 protons H+ (O2- (s) + 2H+ (aq) H2O (l))Common strong alkalis include:Sodium hydrox ide (NaOH)Potassium hydroxide (KOH)Common weak alkalis include:Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3)Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)Hydroxide ions:When alkalis dissolve in water an alkaline solution is formed. Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions. Example solid sodium hydroxide produces hydroxide ions when added to water.NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH(aq)These hydroxide ions accept protons to form water in the reactions between acids and alkalis.H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)Neutralization reactionsAcids react with bases to form salts.Acid + Base salt + waterWhen aqueous solutions of an acid and a base are combined, a neutralisation reaction occurs. This reaction is characteristically very rapid and generally produces water and a salt. For a strong acid and a strong base in water, the neutralisation reaction is between the hydrogen and hydroxide ions dissolved in solution: H+ + OH- H2ONeutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base in such quantities that only th e salt + water are produced and no acid or base remain in the solution. When reacting both acid and alkali, both quantities must be as equal as possible, if a neutral solution is desired.Strong acids and strong bases completely break up, or dissociate, into their constituent ions when they dissolve in water. In the case of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen ions, H+, and chloride ions, Cl-, are formed. In the case of sodium hydroxide, sodium ions, Na+, and hydroxide ions, OH-, are formed. The hydrogen and hydroxide ions readily unite to form water. If the number of hydrogen ions in the hydrochloric acid solution is equal to the number of hydroxide ions in the sodium hydroxide solution, complete neutralisation occurs when the two solutions are mixed.Heat Involved in Chemical ReactionsThe reaction of neutralisation is of course an exothermic reaction. This means that heat is given out during the chemical change that occurs. Along with all neutralisation reactions, all combustion reactions ar e exothermic, as they of course give out heat. The reactions, which are accompanied by a drop in temperature, are known as endothermic reactions; these reactions take in heat. When using a value of measure to the amount of heat given out, the end result is given a negative value for the change in energy. This may seem a bit odd due to the fact that it is clear that an exothermic reaction emits heat. The reason for giving exothermic reactions a negative ?H value is because the energy held by the substance has decreased, conversely, in an endothermic reaction, the energy of the actual substance has risen because the energy is held in the bonds.The reason for heat being released from a reaction is because there are more bonds broken than are made, when bonds are broken, energy is taken in whereas the making of bonds leads to energy being produced. If the reaction is endothermic, there are obviously more bonds to be broken than have been made. It is also the case that stronger bonds tak e more energy to break than weaker bonds, and when stronger bonds are made, they release a greater amount of energy than when weaker bonds are created. Going by this, it is clear that every single reaction will have, to some degree, an energy change. Another factor discovered is that the amount of energy taken in by breaking bonds equals the amount of energy released through the creating of new bonds.The amount of energy taken in or released can be expressed in kilojoules or joules, the SI unit for energy. To make the investigation fair I will express my values per mole. The energy changes that occur in reactions can be shown using energy level diagrams. In these diagrams, energy goes on the y-axis, and the x-axis is labelled as the reaction process, which shows the progress of the reaction. These diagrams do not show any numerical values, they are only used to show trends of energy changes in exothermic and endothermic reaction. The enthalpy diagrams are shown below, for both endot hermic and exothermic reactionsThe equation used to work out the energy transferred is ENERGY (KJ)= S.H.C X MASS (in g) X temperature change (in Kelvin)Exothermic Reaction Endothermic ReactionProductsReactantsProducts ReactantsProgress Of reaction Progress Of reactionI have chosen to vary the type of the acid, for my investigation. I have decided that I am going to have a wide selection of different acids to investigate, but for the alkali, I am only going to have one weak and one strong one. I have chosen to vary the factor of type of acid, rather than volume or concentration (of either acid or alkali), because it would allow a simple and easy procedure. Another reason for choosing this variable is that it will allow a multitude of different combinations that will lead to clear-cut conclusions. The procedure for this variable is also somewhat less complex than most of the others. The acids that I will use for my experiments will be one molar values of sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitri c, Ethanoic, methanoic and citric acid. I will use one molar Sodium hydroxide for the course of the investigation.Preliminary experimentAim: to carry out the study on how the change in temperature of a neutralisation reaction is effect by the change in acid used in the reaction. I am going to use 6 different acids and 1 alkali for each experiment.Prediction: I predict that the stronger acids will produce a higher temperature rise because, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralisation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vig orous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the solution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat.Apparatus:2* 100 ml beakers2* 500 ml beaker2 measuring cylindersThermometerStirring rodMethod:Collect the apparatus shown in the list above.Measure 25 ML of acid.Then place the acid in a measuring cylinder, to check if the volume is exactly 25 ml.Then collect 25ml of alkali, and do the same as the acid except in a different measuring cylinder.If the acid is Diprotic or Triprotic, and you are reacting it with a monoprotic alkali then you must use double or triple the volume of alkali in ratio to the amount of acid. This is to compensate for the extra H+ ions, which if not compensated for would result in an unfair experiment.Measure the temperature for both acid and alkali and note the value down.Then pour both into a beaker with the thermometer in the beaker as well.Record the temperature rise. Perform this experiment for the rest of the ac ids.Diagram for preliminary experimentResults of preliminary experimentSulphuricSodium Hydroxide20.020.032.012.0NitricSodium Hydroxide21.020.028.07.5HydrochloricSodium Hydroxide20.021.00.07.5EthanoicSodium Hydroxide20.021.027.06.5MethanoicSodium Hydroxide21.019.027.57.5CitricSodium Hydroxide20.021.027.06.5AcidAlkaliInitial Acid Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CInitial Alkali Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CFinal Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CTemp. Rise à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CConclusion of preliminary resultsThe preliminary experiment performed was fairly well done, but there are several minor adjustments that could be made for when doing the real thing. Firstly, instead of using a beaker to mix the acid and alkali, a polystyrene cup could be used instead. This would stop energy being lost in the form of heat, to the surroundings. Also a lid would be placed on the polystyrene cup when reacting the acid and alkali to prevent further heat loss. I believe these are the only adjustments that need to be made for the real experiment. Th e prediction made was justified in the results processed, as the stronger acids produced a higher temperature rise due to the fact that, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralisation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vigorous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the solution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat. For sulphuric acid there was a temperature change of 12*C, which was expected as it is a strong acid. However, for hydrochloric and nitric acid the temperature change was not as significant as expected. This could be due to wrong amounts of volume being mixed and more care will be taken when doing the actual experiment, to make sure equal amounts of volume are used. To avoid anomalous results the experiment could be repeated and I will do this in the real thing.Actual ExperimentAim: to carry out the study on how the change in temperature of a neutralisation reaction is effect by the change in acid used in the reaction. I am going to use 6 different acids and 1 alkali for the whole investigation, all with a concentration of one molar.Prediction: I predict that the stronger acids will produce a higher temperature rise because, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralis ation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vigorous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the solution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat.Apparatus:2* 100 ml beakers1* 500 ml beaker2 measuring cylinders2 ThermometersStirring rodPolystyrene cup and lidMethod:Collect the apparatus shown in the list above.Measure 25 ML of acid.Then place the acid in a measuring cylinder, to check if the volume is exactly 25 ml.Then collect 25ml of alkali, and do the same as the acid except in a different measuring cylinder.If the acid is Diprotic or Triprotic, and you are reacting it with a Monoprotic alkali then you must use double or triple the volume of alkali in ratio to the amount of acid. This is to compensate for the extra H+ ions, which if not compensated for would result in an unfair experiment.Measure the temperature for both acid and alkali and note the value down.Then pour both into a beaker with the thermometer in the polystyrene cup as well and seal the cup with the lid quickly and carefully.Record the temperature rise and perform the experiment two more times. Perform this experiment for the rest of the acids, remembering to repeat it 3 times altogether for each acid.Results for main experimentAcidAlkaliInitial Acid Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CInitial Alkali Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CFinal Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage Acid Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage Alkali Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage Initial Temp. Of Acid + Alkali à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage of Final Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CTemp. Rise à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C123123123SulphuricSodium Hydroxide21.020.020.022.020.021.032.031.032.020.321.020.731.711.0NitricSodium Hydroxide21.021.021.021.021.021.028.028.028.021.021.021.028.07.0HydrochloricSodium Hydroxide19.019.019.019.020.019.028.027.028.019.019.319.227.78.5EthanoicSodium Hydroxide20.020.020.021.021.020.027.027.027.020.020.720.327.06.7MethanoicSodium Hydroxide19.018.019.020.020.021.027.026.025.018.720.319.526.06.5CitricSodium Hydroxide19.019.019.019.019.019.028.028.028.019.019.019.028.09.0AnalysisAs I predicted for the actual experiments results, the stronger acids reacted to give a bigger temperature than compared to the weaker acids. However, this was not the case for all of the acids used. Citric acid gave a very high reading of temperature change when it is known that it isnt a very strong acid when compared with HCL and Nitric acid. But one should also take into account of the high volume citric acid used in reacting with the sodium hydroxide, as 75 cm(squared) of the citric acid were used to compensate for the fact that it is a Triprotic acid, as if the acid is Diprotic or Triprotic, and you are reacting it with a Monoprotic alkali (sodium hydroxide one molar in this case) then you must use double or triple the volume of alkali in ratio to the amount of acid. This is to compensate for the extra H+ ions, which if not compensated for would result in an unfair experiment.The temperature change for sulphuric acid was recorded as being high, as was expected. As predicted the stronger acids gave higher temperature changes. This is due to the fact that stronger acids produce a higher temperature rise because, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralisation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vigorous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the so lution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat.To aid my evaluation of my results I have calculated the enthalpy changes for each of the acids used. I will compare these results with the change in kelvin results.AcidAverage temperature change/KelvinSpecific Heat CapacityMass/grams (including alkali)Energy change in JoulesSulphuric11.04.250.02310.0Nitric7.04.250.01470.0Hydrochloric8.54.250.01785.0Ethanoic6.74.250.01407.0Methanoic6.54.250.01365.0Citric9.04.2100.03780.0Change in Joules GraphChange in Kelvin results graphFurther AnalysisThe graphs for both change in Kelvin and Joules, have very similar patterns. The only difference between both is that Citric acid gives 3780.0 joules, which is 1470.0, more joules than sulphuric acid, which has a higher change in Kelvin than compared to citric acid.The reason for there to be a higher amount of energy maybe due to the fact that a higher volume is used for the citric acid than sulphuric acid, which may link to the fa ct that a higher volume of acid gives a higher enthalpy change.I believe my prediction was partially linked to the results recorded, mainly due to the fact that the weaker acids gave higher readings than expected, like Ethanoic and that the stronger acids gave lower than expected readings, like Hydrochloric acid. Overall I believe my results showed the trend that would be expected.